According to need-based theory, what motivates individuals?

Need-based theory, particularly as articulated in theories such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs, posits that individuals are motivated by their unmet needs. According to this framework, human motivation arises from a series of needs organized hierarchically, starting from basic physiological needs to higher-level psychological needs, such as esteem and self-actualization. When a lower-level need remains unmet, it drives behavior until that need is fulfilled.

For instance, until basic needs such as food, water, and shelter are secured, an individual may not be able to focus on higher-level psychosocial pursuits, such as the desire for social belonging or self-actualization. As one moves up the hierarchy, the motivation can shift towards achieving these higher-level needs once the foundational needs are met.

In contrast to the other options, which emphasize varying forms of external motivators or societal expectations, need-based theory firmly roots motivation in the internal drive to satisfy one's own needs. This aspect emphasizes the intrinsic nature of motivation grounded in personal experiences and necessities rather than external validation or conformity.