At which level of Kohlberg's theory do individuals primarily avoid social disapproval?

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals at the conventional morality level are primarily focused on upholding social rules and expectations. This stage emphasizes the importance of maintaining social order and the approval of others. Individuals in this stage base their moral reasoning on the desire to conform to societal norms and avoid disapproval from peers, authority figures, and society at large.

At the conventional level, people often make decisions that align with the values and expectations of their community. They believe that good behavior is associated with being seen as a "good" person by others and adhering to laws and rules that maintain social harmony. The motivation behind their moral choices is largely influenced by social interactions and the desire for validation from others.

This sets apart this level from the pre-conventional level, where moral reasoning is guided more by self-interest and the potential for rewards or punishments. Similarly, at the post-conventional level, individuals begin to follow their own moral principles, which may conflict with societal norms. Therefore, avoidance of social disapproval is a defining characteristic of the conventional morality stage in Kohlberg's framework.