External validity determines whether study results can:

External validity is a crucial concept in research that assesses the extent to which findings from a study can be generalized beyond the specific conditions and participants involved in that study. When we refer to external validity, we are primarily concerned with whether the results can be applied to different populations, settings, and times outside the study.

Option B highlights this central feature of external validity. It emphasizes the importance of understanding whether the outcomes observed in the study are relevant and applicable in broader contexts, which may include various demographic groups or different environmental scenarios.

In contrast, the other options focus on aspects of research and studies that are not specific to external validity. For example, replication concerns the ability to reproduce study findings in subsequent research, which pertains more to reliability and internal validity. True causal relationships relate to the design and execution of the study influencing internal validity, and minimizing measurement errors relates to the accuracy and precision of the measurement tools used, which falls under methodological considerations rather than generalization. Thus, option B stands out as the correct choice as it directly captures the essence of external validity.