How does alcohol primarily affect the nervous system?

Alcohol primarily affects the nervous system by stimulating the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) system while also influencing the dopamine system. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and when alcohol binds to GABA receptors, it enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA in the central nervous system. This results in a calming effect, reducing anxiety and inhibiting neural activity, which contributes to the sedative and anxiolytic effects of alcohol.

Additionally, alcohol increases dopamine release in certain areas of the brain, particularly in the reward pathway. This activation of the dopamine system is associated with the feelings of euphoria and reinforcement often experienced with alcohol consumption, which can contribute to the development of alcohol use disorders.

The interaction of alcohol with these neurotransmitter systems explains many of its effects on mood, behavior, and perception, emphasizing its role as a depressant with complex influences on brain chemistry.