Teacher expectancy is believed to have which effect on students?

Teacher expectancy refers to the phenomenon where teachers' expectations of their students can significantly impact those students' academic performance and self-concept. When teachers hold high expectations for students, this can foster a positive environment that encourages better performance, increased motivation, and overall student achievement. Conversely, low expectations can lead to negative outcomes, such as decreased motivation and performance, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy where students live up to or down to the expectations set for them.

The correct answer captures the dual nature of this concept. Teacher perceptions can indeed have a broad impact, affecting all students, regardless of their background or specific educational needs. This influence is not limited to just students in special education or confined to boosting self-esteem without consideration of actual performance levels. The complex interaction between teacher expectancy and student performance illustrates the importance of maintaining high expectations across the board to foster an environment conducive to learning and growth.