What is a common effect of being part of an out-group?

Being part of an out-group often leads to an increased likelihood of tension and competition with the in-group due to social identity theory. This theory posits that individuals categorize themselves and others into groups, often leading to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination. Out-groups can be viewed as rivals or threats, resulting in conflict and competition for resources, social standing, or acceptance within the dominant group. The perception of differences may exacerbate this tension and lead to a lack of cooperation, contributing to an adversarial relationship between the groups.

In contrast, the other options generally reflect outcomes that are more likely among individuals within the same group or involve positive interaction across groups rather than the typical effects of being classified as an out-group. Enhanced cooperation and mutual understanding would more likely occur in contexts where groups work collaboratively, which is less typical when one is positioned as an outsider. Similarly, while developing personal relationships across different groups can happen, it is often hindered by the existing social dynamics that define out-group status.