What is a conditioned response?

A conditioned response is specifically defined as a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus, which has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus through the process of conditioning. In this context, the term "conditioned" indicates that the response has been acquired through experience rather than occurring naturally.

For example, in classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (like a bell) can be paired with an unconditioned stimulus (like food) that naturally elicits a response (salivation). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a conditioned response (salivation) on its own. This distinction highlights the difference between innate and learned behaviors, as conditioned responses are not instinctual but rather the result of learning through association over time.