Which form of discrimination is characterized by policies within social institutions that differentiate people based on social grouping?

Institutional discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of individuals based on their social group that is implemented through established policies and practices within social institutions, such as schools, workplaces, or government agencies. This form of discrimination is pervasive and systemic, often resulting from longstanding practices that do not necessarily require individual intent to be harmful.

For instance, if a school district has policies that disproportionately disadvantage students from particular racial or socioeconomic backgrounds—failing to provide adequate resources or support—this showcases institutional discrimination. It reflects how social institutions can perpetuate inequality through their operational procedures.

In the context of this question, the correct answer highlights how discrimination can be embedded within institutional rules rather than being solely about individual actions or collective group behaviors, marking its distinction as a form rooted in social structure rather than interpersonal interactions.