Which of the following best describes intelligence?

The description of intelligence that emphasizes the ability to understand and reason with complex ideas captures a key aspect of cognitive functioning. Intelligence encompasses a range of mental capabilities, including the capacity for abstract thinking, problem-solving, and comprehending complex concepts. This definition aligns with broader theories of intelligence, such as Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which highlights analytical, creative, and practical abilities as components of intelligence.

In contrast, attributing intelligence solely to memorizing facts overlooks critical cognitive processes essential for problem-solving and adaptation. While articulating thoughts clearly is important for effective communication, it does not capture the nuanced understanding and reasoning that define intelligence. Predicting future outcomes can be a facet of intelligent behavior, particularly in applied contexts, but it does not fully encompass the breadth of cognitive abilities involved in understanding and reasoning with complex ideas. Thus, recognizing the multifaceted nature of intelligence is best encapsulated by the ability to navigate and reason through complex information.